玉米種植技術與管理有哪些?
發布時間:2022-10-24 15:55:51
玉米是重要(yao)(yao)(yao)的糧(liang)食作物,種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)面(mian)積較大,種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)玉米要(yao)(yao)(yao)想提高產量(liang),那(nei)么(me)要(yao)(yao)(yao)做好田(tian)間管理技(ji)(ji)術。那(nei)么(me)玉米種(zhong)(zhong)植(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術與管理有(you)哪些?一(yi)起來了(le)解下。
1.選種
玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)高產離不開優良品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子本身需(xu)要具備應(ying)(ying)有的(de)(de)(de)抗旱、抗倒伏的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)力(li),其(qi)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)影(ying)響玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)的(de)(de)(de)產量。玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)選種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)應(ying)(ying)選擇(ze)審定(ding)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),抗性強的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),適合(he)當地種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)品(pin)(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。
2.播(bo)種
播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前一周左(zuo)右(you),需要將玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植進(jin)行晾曬,根據實際情(qing)況晾曬兩天到(dao)三天左(zuo)右(you),此舉有利于提升(sheng)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)植的發芽率。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)前的五天左(zuo)右(you),需要用清水將種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子進(jin)行浸泡,浸泡時(shi)間為一天左(zuo)右(you),之后再撈出催芽,直到(dao)玉(yu)(yu)米(mi)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)子開嘴(zui)即可。播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)最好選擇土(tu)壤溫度較高的時(shi)候(hou)進(jin)行,等行距(ju)播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),行距(ju)60cm,株距(ju)25cm,機械化單(dan)粒點(dian)播(bo)(bo),播(bo)(bo)種(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)完成(cheng)后用除草(cao)劑封(feng)地。
3.苗期管理
該階(jie)段(duan)需要確保玉米(mi)苗(miao)(miao)的質量(liang),確保苗(miao)(miao)全、苗(miao)(miao)齊、苗(miao)(miao)壯,根系發育良(liang)好。玉米(mi)出苗(miao)(miao)后,及時對出苗(miao)(miao)情(qing)況進行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢查,對缺苗(miao)(miao)位置及時進行(xing)(xing)(xing)補苗(miao)(miao)。為了(le)避免幼苗(miao)(miao)之間相互爭搶水肥和(he)光照,需要對多(duo)余的幼苗(miao)(miao)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)去除,去苗(miao)(miao)應選在3~4葉期(qi)間進行(xing)(xing)(xing)。
4.水肥管理
玉米生長對水(shui)分(fen)有較(jiao)高的要求,一般(ban)情況下,土壤(rang)的含水(shui)量在(zai)百分(fen)之七(qi)十左右才能較(jiao)好地滿足(zu)水(shui)分(fen)要求。在(zai)高海拔干旱(han)地區進(jin)行種植時,需要重視(shi)抗旱(han)工作,避免干旱(han)少雨等因素對玉米產(chan)量的影響。此外(wai)如(ru)果天氣降(jiang)水(shui)較(jiao)多,應(ying)注意(yi)及時排(pai)水(shui)防(fang)澇。
玉(yu)米若是底(di)肥(fei)充足,那么可(ke)以在(zai)苗期(qi)進行一(yi)(yi)次追(zhui)肥(fei),然后拔節之前如果(guo)玉(yu)米的植株生長狀態不理想(xiang),也可(ke)以進行一(yi)(yi)次追(zhui)肥(fei)。可(ke)以選擇(ze)玉(yu)米大喇叭口期(qi)追(zhui)肥(fei),與(yu)中耕相結(jie)合進行施(shi)肥(fei),具體方(fang)法(fa)為在(zai)2株玉(yu)米間挖(wa)穴,把肥(fei)料置于穴內,然后覆土。
5.去雄處理(li)
玉米抽雄(xiong)初始(shi)階段(duan),應當(dang)對大(da)田進(jin)行(xing)去(qu)雄(xiong)處(chu)理,可以間(jian)隔(ge)1行(xing)去(qu)雄(xiong)1行(xing),或者間(jian)隔(ge)1株去(qu)雄(xiong)1株,整塊大(da)田去(qu)雄(xiong)應在1/2左右。
6.人(ren)工輔助授(shou)粉(fen)
如(ru)果在玉米盛(sheng)花(hua)期遭遇極端天(tian)(tian)氣(qi),如(ru)大風天(tian)(tian)氣(qi),或(huo)連陰天(tian)(tian)、下雨等,必然會對(dui)玉米授粉(fen)造成不良影響,此時應(ying)當(dang)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取人(ren)工授粉(fen)的方式進(jin)行補(bu)救。人(ren)工授粉(fen)應(ying)當(dang)選擇晴天(tian)(tian)上午10∶00左右進(jin)行,授粉(fen)時應(ying)當(dang)一(yi)邊(bian)采(cai)(cai)(cai)取花(hua)粉(fen),一(yi)邊(bian)對(dui)玉米進(jin)行授粉(fen),將采(cai)(cai)(cai)集的新鮮花(hua)粉(fen)去除粉(fen)殼,使(shi)用毛(mao)筆蘸取少(shao)量花(hua)粉(fen),輕輕涂抹于雌穗(sui)花(hua)絲上。
7.病蟲(chong)害防治
玉米(mi)主要病(bing)害(hai)(hai)有(you)大、小斑病(bing),主要防(fang)治方法(fa)為使(shi)(shi)用(yong)多菌靈可(ke)(ke)濕性粉劑500倍液,或者(zhe)退菌特可(ke)(ke)濕性粉劑(50%)700倍液,每(mei)7d噴灑1次,連續(xu)噴灑3次。蟲(chong)害(hai)(hai)有(you)玉米(mi)螟(ming)蟲(chong),主要危害(hai)(hai)葉片、莖稈和雄穗,應在大喇叭口期進行防(fang)治,可(ke)(ke)在玉米(mi)心(xin)葉末期投施辛施螟(ming)顆粒劑5kg/667m2。也(ye)可(ke)(ke)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)頻(pin)振(zhen)式殺蟲(chong)燈(deng)防(fang)治玉米(mi)螟(ming)成蟲(chong),在玉米(mi)田周邊設置(zhi)殺蟲(chong)燈(deng),間距200m設置(zhi)1個(ge)殺蟲(chong)燈(deng)。
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